Hu
121
The Commands of
Hazrat Hajj Sultan
Mohammad Gonabadi Sultan Ali Shah
Renewer of the Nimatullahi Order in Iran
Sufism is the spiritual reality of Islam, even if it was not known as
"Sufism" at the inception of Islam. Phenomenologically speaking, it proves
to be the essence of Islam, which gives life to it, like the soul gives life
to the body. In Sufi terminology, Islam has two aspects: shari'at, its outer
dimension, or body, and tariqat, its inner dimension, or soul. These two
aspects were inseparably joined in the person of the Prophet, but little by
little through the history of Islam, there were people who paid attention
only to the shari'at, Islamic law, and even confined Islam to this. Often
the fuqaha or 'ulama took this attitude. In contrast to them there were
people who emphasized the spiritual reality or tariqat, who became famous as
Sufis.
The propagation of Islam was not through the sword of the rulers, but by the
heartfelt word of the Sufis. The cutting swords of Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi or
Nadir Shah Afshar did not make Islam influential among the Hindus. It was by
the spiritual attraction and life giving breath of Sufi masters such as the
successors of Shah Ni'matullah Wali or Mir Sayyid 'Ali Hamadani that they
became Muslim.
Whenever the Muslims were weakened and deviated from the truth of Islam,
great Sufis tried to renew and revive it. Sometimes this was done
explicitly, as in the case of Ghazali, whose revival finds written form in
his famous Ihya 'Ulum al-Din (The Revival of the Religious Sciences), and
sometimes it was implicit, as with Shah Ni'matullahi Wali.
The idea of renewal in Islam was not a mere accident of history, but was
foreseen by the Prophet himself. It is reported in a hadith that he said,
"Verily, at the beginning of every hundred years, God raises one for this
community of Islam who renews it's religion for it." Regardless of the
soundness of this hadith, and whether what is mean is exactly one century,
which is beyond the scope of this paper, the idea of a revival of Islam and
that it must be renewed in a manner appropriate to the times, was in the
minds of the Muslims.
In Sufism itself, from time to time deviations occurred. The use of
expressions such as, "false Sufi claimant" and "true Sufi claimant", in
books such as Jami's Nafahat al-Uns, bears witness to this phenomenon. Among
the most prominent critics of such deviations were the Sufi masters. They
were the true reformers and renewers of Sufism.
Sufism has usually suffered at the hands of two groups: (1) pseudo-Sufis who
fancy that the inward aspects of Islam suffice for them and that they may
consciously abandon its outward precepts; and (2) those fuqaha who restrict
their understanding of Islam to its outward aspects and ignore its interior.
Each of these groups has an incomplete understanding of Islam, one with
respect to shari'at and the other with regard to tariqat. This is why the
Sufi shaykhs were usually confronted by these two groups. Renewal and
reformation of Sufism most often required a re-balancing of shari'at and
tariqat in order to preserve its original formation. It is this effort at
balancing that prompted the great Sufi shaykhs to take into consideration
the circumstances of their times in order to make religious precepts
appropriate to them. This enabled them to present Islam in a more complete
fashion and to keep it from deviation. In a hadith attributed to the Imams,
it is reported, "One who is conscious of his times is not in danger of being
confounded."
One of the greatest reformers and renewers of Sufism was Shah Ni'matullah
Wali. His was one of the most catastrophic times for the Muslims, especially
in Iran, which had suffered through the attacks of the Mongols and the
Timurids after them. In religious affairs there were Sufi pretenders on the
one hand, who did not practice Sufi teachings, and hypocritical preachers on
the other, who used religion for personal gain. In his poetry, Hafiz
reproaches both groups, thus bearing witness to the situation in Iran. When
the religious teachers had fallen so far astray, the religious ethos of the
common people of the time would also have been in a state of degeneration.
In those days, Shah Ni'matullahi Wali, as master of the Ma'rufi Order and
successor to Shaykh 'Abdullah Yafi'i, tried to improve both the inward and
the outward religious conditions. He exposed the misdeeds and
pseudo-teachings of the current Sufi pretenders, and criticized both Sunni
and Shi'ite 'ulama. He called upon Sunnis to return to the sunnah of the
Prophet of love for the Ahl al-Bayt, while he reminded Shi'ites that the
main pillar of Shi'ism is the forgotten truth of walayat, rather than points
of law and political issues. Thus, he refused to be a rafizi (one who
rejected the Companions of the Prophet) or khariji (one who rejected the
leadership of 'Ali).
Due to the difficulties faced by the Sufis in Iran after the death of Shah
Ni'matullahi, the qutbs of the Order moved to India at the invitation of
Sultan Ahmadshah Bahmani of the Deccan. During this time, from the end of
the Safavids until the end of the Zandi dynasty, because of the political
upheaval in Iran, the kings' rejection of Sufism and the sovereignty of the
'ulama who had good relations with the government, most of the Sufi orders
either left Iran or operated clandestinely. Although the Safavi dynasty was
itself based on a Sufi Order, the attitude taken by them was very
exclusivist, so that they did not permit the free operation of other orders.
This situation continued until 1190/1776, when Riza 'Alishah Deccani, who
was then qutb of the Order, sent two of his authorized shaykhs, Hazrat
Ma'sum 'Alishah and Shah Tahir Deccani, to Iran. The latter died soon after
arriving in Iran, or on the way, and the revival of the Order in Iran was
left to the former and one of his main disciples, Nur 'Alishah Isfahani.
These two behaved in a way that attracted the attention of the people who
had long forgotten Sufism. Many people, including some of the prominent 'ulama,
such as Sayyid Bahr al-'Ulum (d. 1212/1797) and 'Abd al-Samad Hamadani (who
was killed in 1216/1801 by Wahhabis), became their followers, and Sufism
became current in Iran again. The opposition of some of the 'ulama to
Sufism, however, continued, and they even persuaded some of the Qajari kings
to kill the Sufi shaykhs on the pretext that they sought to take over the
government. One can mention the martyrdom of Mushtaq 'Alishah in Kerman, or
that of his disciple Muzaffar 'Alishah in Kermanshah at the order of the
influential jurist, known as the "Sufi-killer", Muhammad ibn Bihbihani.
After Nur 'Alishah, the Ni'matullahi Order became the most popular Sufi
order in Iran. Whenever Sufism becomes popular, pretenders to it abound.
During the time when Rahmat 'Alishah (d. 1278/1861) was the qutb of the
Order, Sufism became especially popular, in part because the Qajar king,
Muhammad Shah, entered the Order. After Rahmat 'Alishah passed away, the
Ni'matullahis divided into three branches: (1) the followers of Hajj
Muhammad Kazim Isfahani Sa'adat 'Alishah; (2) followers of the uncle of
Rahmat 'Alishah, Hajj Muhammad, famous as Munawwar 'Alishah; and (3) the
followers of Mirza Hasan Safi, famous as Safi 'Alishah. This division first
appeared due to the differences about the explicit decree of Rahmat 'Alishah
that he should be succeeded by Sa'adat 'Alishah. After some time, the
opponents of Sa'adat 'Alishah brought another decree attributed to Rahmat 'Alishah
according to which Munawwar 'Alishah was to be the successor, despite the
fact that Munawwar 'Alishah himself admitted that he had not received the
decree personally. Safi 'Alishah first renewed his covenant with Sa'adat 'Alishah,
and denied the validity of the decree of Munawwar 'Alishah. However, after
Sa'adat 'Alishah refused to appoint him as shaykh, he broke his covenant
with him and became a disciple of Munawwar 'Alishah. After some time, he
also rejected the leadership of Munawwar 'Alishah and proclaimed himself
qutb. In this way the Ni'matullahi Order broke up into three chains: first,
the Sultan 'Alishahi or Gunabadi chain, which is the main and largest chain;
second, the Dhul Riyasatayn chain; and third, the Safi 'Alishahi chain.
The Sultan 'Alishahi chain takes its name after the successor of Sa'adat 'Alishah,
Hajj Mulla Sultan Muhammad Sultan 'Alishah, who was born in Gunabad in
Khorasan in A.H.L. 1251/A.D. 1835.
He was one of the most distinguished and famous 'ulama and Sufis of his
time, such that in most of the books of that time his name is mentioned. At
the age of three he was faced with the loss of his father. Even at such a
tender age, his excellence was apparent to all so that among the people and
tribes of Baydukht and Gunabad he was known for his intelligence, wit,
dignity and poise. After finishing his elementary studies in Baydukht, due
to a lack of sufficient means, he temporarily suspended his studies, but
because of his enthusiasm and eagerness, at the age of seventeen, he
continued to pursue studies and made great strides, such that his local
teachers no longer satisfied his scientific yearnings. Therefore, he set out
by foot for the holy city of Mashhad to pursue his studies where he spent
some time and benefited from the presence of the scholars there. From there,
he then went to Najaf, Iraq, were he became proficient in fiqh, usul, and
tafsir (exegesis of the Qur'an). Under famous fuqaha, such as Shaykh Murtiza
Ansari, and was given permission for ijtihad in fiqh. On his return from
Najaf, he went to Sabzavar, and under the direction of the famous
philosopher, Hajj Mulla Hadi Sabzavari, he studied peripatetic philosophy,
illuminationist philosophy and Mulla Sadra's philosophy. He distinguished
himself above all the other students of Sabzavari, and wrote marginalia to
the famous book of Mulla Sadra, Asfar. Attaining mastery of these sciences
did not satisfy his thirst for knowledge, which he began to seek from the
hearts of the Sufis. At that time, the qutb of the Ni'matullahi Order,
Sa'adat 'Alishah, together with some of his disciples, went to Sabzavar.
Mulla Hadi, who was devoted to the qutb, cancelled his classes and suggested
that his students come with him to visit Sa'adat 'Alishah. At that very
first session, the late Hajj Mulla Sultan Muhammad was attracted to the
Sa'adat 'Alishah, even though the latter was not one of the 'ulama, but he
did not surrender to him, and after some time returned to Gunabad. Finally,
in A.H.L. 1279, he set off on foot for Sa'adat 'Alishah's place of residence
in Isfahan. With a passionate inner fire he went to him and was initiated in
spiritual wayfaring toward God. Just as Mawlavi followed the illiterate
Shams Tabrizi, he became a follower of the unlearned Sa'adat 'Alishah. He
spent little time on the various stages of the journey toward Allah, and was
authorized by the master for guidance of the Sufi novices and was given the
spiritual title of Sultan 'Alishah. In A.H.L. 1293, Sa'adat 'Alishah passed
away and Sultan 'Alishah succeeded him as the qutb of the Ni'matullahi
Order. Sultan 'Alishah became renowned throughout the Islamic world for both
his knowledge and spiritual guidance. This resulted in inciting the jealousy
of his enemies, those who were against his way. As a result, unfortunately,
in A.H.L. 1327/A.D. 1909, he won martyrdom by being strangled. His grave is
in Baydukht, Gunabad.
He has written many epistles and books, the most important of which are: his
great Shi'ite Sufi commentary on the Qur'an in Arabic in four oversized
volumes, Bayan al-Sa'adat; Sa'adat Nameh; and Majma' al-Sa'adat; all of
whose titles allude to his master, Sa'adat 'Alishah. He also authored
Walayat Nameh, Bisharat al-Mu'minin, Tambih al-Na'imin, Iyzah, and Tawzih.
As during the period of Shah Ni'matullah, the times of Sultan 'Alishah were
critical. It was the time of the encounter of Iran with modern Western
civilization, when the people confronted new concepts, including scientific
and social ones. Naturally, some completely rejected what was strange and
new, while others superficially submitted. During this time, Shi'ite
jurisprudence, which is based on ijtihad and the derivation of precepts in
accordance with the needs of the times, had become stagnated. Most of the
fuqaha, who were not conscious of the situation of the modern world, were
zealous about the outward aspects of religion and only took into
consideration the outward aspects of Western civilization, as well, which
they judged to be contrary to Islam.
Sufism was also undergoing a crisis. The opposition of the fuqaha that began
at the end of the Safavid period was vigorously maintained. The practice of
the pseudo-Sufis also was apparently contrary to both the modernists as well
as Islamic law. Taking all this into account, Hazrat Sultan 'Alishah was
confronted with three groups who opposed true Sufism: (1) some of the fuqaha,
(2) the pseudo-Sufis, and (3) some of the modernists. All three groups were
taken into consideration in his attempt to renew Sufism.
Aside from his position of leadership, Sultan 'Alishah was a philosopher and
a faqih, and both his philosophical positions and jurisprudential opinions
were colored by his mysticism. He was a student of Mulla Hadi Sabzawari, who
was at that time the most famous proponent of a philosophical system based
on Sufism derived from the teachings of Mulla Sadra, and he himself adopted
a system of philosophy that mostly followed in this tradition. In fiqh, he
was a mujtahid, whose permission for ijtihad was granted by the great
Shi'ite faqih of the time, Ayatullah Hajj Mirza Shirazi. Nevertheless, he
did not issue any fatwas as a mujtahid, because he considered it necessary
to keep the realms of tariqat and shari'at separate. However, some of his
juridical opinions may be found in his tafsir, Bayan al-Sa'adat. His
jurisprudential views show that he was completely aware of the need to take
contemporary conditions into account when reaching decisions about Islamic
law, and accordingly, he viewed music and chess as lawful, the People of the
Book as essentially having ritual purity and slavery, taking more than one
wife at a time, and opium smoking as prohibited.
The Prohibition of Opium
One of the bad habits that was becoming current in the Far East, India and
Iran during that time was smoking opium. This was a result of the colonial
policies of some European countries. This practice was becoming widespread
among some of the Sufis for many years to the point that it would be
considered a Sufi custom. They used to say that to be a dervish one should
smoke opium or hashish. To justify this, they claimed that it promoted
ecstasy and the attainment of the Sufi goal of annihilation, fana. They
imagined that the nothingness that comes from smoking opium is the same as
the nothingness of mysticism. According to Mawlana:
In order that for a while they may be delivered from sobriety
(consciousness),
they lay upon themselves the opprobrium of wine and marijuana.
Mystical nothingness comes from God, not from changes in physio-chemistry.
Again, Mawlana says:
Nothingness should come from God,
So that the beauty of God may be seen in it.
The disadvantage of smoking opium from the point of view of mystical
experience in Sufism is that one could confuse the hallucination produced by
the use of the drug with the unveiling or opening from God for which every
Sufi waits. From a social point of view, the practice led first to
inactivity and then to idleness. The disadvantages for public hygiene are
clear to all. For these reasons Sultan 'Alishah strictly prohibited the use
of opium among his followers at a time when its subsequent social malaise
had not yet become apparent, to the extent of cursing those who smoked it.
He would not accept anyone who smoked opium as a Sufi novice. In his
commentary on the Qur'an, Bayan al-Sa'adat, with regard to the verse, (They
ask you concerning wine and lots. Say: in both these is great sin…) (2:219),
he pronounced the prohibition of opium on the grounds that it violates the
rights of ones faculties. This pronouncement at that time appeared to be
quite revolutionary, since none of the 'ulama had said anything about it.
The prohibition also became a great obstacle to the activities of the
colonialists who were trying to make the people weak and dependent on them.
After Hazrat Sultan 'Alishah, his grandson and viceregent, Hazrat Nur 'Alishah
Gunabadi, wrote a separate book entitled Dhu al-Faqar: On the Prohibition of
Smoking Opium. In that book he says that since this sin, that results from
the temptations of Satan, had become current in most of the cities of Iran,
and none of the 'ulama had paid any attention to it, it is obligatory for
those who are familiar with this problem to try to repel it. The language of
this book is simple and lucid in a way that ordinary people could understand
the evil of it.
From the time of Hazrat Sultan 'Alishah, the prohibition against smoking
opium has been one of the characteristics of the Ni'matullahi Sultan 'Alishahi
Gunabadi Order of Sufism.
The Abandonment of Idleness
In Islam, the outward is not separate from the inward. Any work done with
the intention of pleasing God is considered to be an act of worship. So,
occupation with worship is no excuse for abandoning worldly affairs. The
Prophet said, "There is no monasticism in Islam." In Sufism, in special
circumstances, such as during the taming of the carnal soul, instructions
may be given for seclusion. Before the divine commissioning of the Prophet,
he spent time in seclusion in the cave of Hera. Due to divine attraction, it
sometimes occurs that a Sufi abandons the world. In all of these instances,
solitude is the exception rather than the rule. Occupation with the arts and
crafts in traditional Islamic societies, e.g., architecture, calligraphy,
etc., were integrated with the journey toward God. This is why anyone who
wants to become a fata and enter the way of Sufism, had to occupy himself
with a craft or art. However, there were Sufis who both intentionally and
unintentionally made use of the idea of khalvat, or seclusion, as an excuse
for idleness and begging. They made a pretext of reliance on God alone,
tawakkul, and contentment with one's lot, riza, as a Sufi manner. This is
why some of the khanaqahs turned into gathering places for the lazy.
During the time of Shah Ni'matullah Wali, this bad custom was common among
many Sufis. Although he practiced seclusion many times, he instructed his
followers to be occupied with some work and not to try to gain money through
Sufism. He himself used to farm and praised this occupation. He said that
labor was a sort of alchemy.
The custom of mendicancy was current among many Sufis, especially in the
Khaksar Order, during the time of Hazrat Sultan 'Alishah, who strictly
prohibited all his followers from being idle and without work. He gave
reasons for this prohibition based on rational argument, common sense and
religious principles. He said, "Everyone should work for a living and for
the sake of the improvement of the world. One should occupy himself with any
work that he likes and is not against religious law, including farming,
trading, or industry." In another place he says, "Idleness is against
civilization, too."
This instruction, especially in the modern world, and with the appearance of
civil society that necessitates close social relations and the occupation of
each member of society with a work was much needed at that time. At the same
time, as a Sufi master, he warned his followers against taking pride in
worldly gains and wealth or being covetous thereof. He said, "One should
consider himself poor even if one has limitless wealth…. No one takes more
than a single shroud from this world. When one becomes aware of this truth,
he will understand that he is poor in this world and needy to God….
Improvement of the world is by no means contrary to dervishood." He taught
that any work, including prayer and fasting, but also trading and farming,
with the intention of performing God's commands, is worship. Earning money
is not opposed to reliance on God. He says that the faqir should work but
consider the results of his work to be from God.
Hazrat Sultan 'Alishah like Shan Ni'matullah Wali used to farm, and he often
had calloused hands. Once, someone came to his house to ask him about
alchemy. He was not in the house at the time, but was in his garden. The man
went into the garden, and after greeting him, before he could ask anything
about it, Hazrat Sultan 'Alishah showed his hands to him and said, "This is
our alchemy! We toil and benefit from it." He even used to rebuke farmers
who neglected their lands, saying, "If an earth that has the capacity of
delivering 300 kilos of wheat, delivers only 270 kilos of wheat because of
negligence, the farmer will be held responsible for the remainder."
After Hazrat Sultan 'Alishah, the prohibition of idleness has become one of
the main characteristics of the Ni'matullahi Gunabadi Order, and all the
subsequent qutbs have themselves worked and advised their followers to do
so, as well.
The Lack of Restrictions to Special Garb
One of the old customs among the Sufis was wearing special garments, such as
woolens, a patched cloak, and other items. Shah Ni'matullah Wali did not
restrict himself or his followers to any special clothing by which they
could be designated as Sufis. He sometimes wore a white wool robe, and
sometimes a long gown. To the contrary of his practice, many of his
followers again began wearing distinctive dress, as is mentioned by 'Abd al-Razzaq
Kermani, the author of his biography: "The clothing worn by his dervishes
was absolutely not worn by him or his children." The prohibition of dervish
vestments was only temporarily cancelled several centuries later by Hazrat
Riza 'Alishah Deccani for two of his authorized shaykhs, Hazrat Ma'sum 'Alishah
and Hazrat Nur 'Alishah I, whom he had sent to Iran. These two great men
entered Iran wearing special dervish robes and carrying the characteristic
dervish bowl and ax. This policy was enacted to attract attention to the
arrival of Sufism in Iran where it had been outlawed for many years.
Hazrat Sultan 'Alishah once again prohibited his followers from wearing any
distinctive Sufi clothing. He used to say: "Servitude to God does not depend
on any special clothes. In the Qur'an it is written, 'The garment of piety (taqwa)
is the best.'" With this rule, no difference could be made out between Sufi
Muslims and the other people of the country, and their particular beliefs
remained protected in their hearts. This rule is still current in the
Ni'matullahi Gunabadi Order, which has been reissued by the qutbs after
Hazrat Sultan 'Alishah.
Social and Political Affairs
Essentially, Sufism is not a political school of thought, so it has nothing
to do with politics. However, Sufis have entered into political affairs as
individuals rather than as Sufis.
Generally speaking, the duties ordained by Islam have been divided by the
Sufi shaykhs of the Ni'matullahi Order into three kinds:
(1) Precepts of the shari'at that must be obtained from a qualified mujtahid
(expert in Islamic law);
(2) Precepts of the tariqat that must be obtained from the current Sufi
master;
(3) Personal precepts to be discerned by the individual himself. One should
personally discover one's responsibilities by one's own religious thinking
and reasoning.
Thus, interference and expressing views about social affairs is outside the
scope of tariqat and the fuqara do not expect instructions in such regards
from the authorities of the Order. One's works and intentions are to be made
pure for the sake of Allah, and one's own responsibilities are to be
discovered. The authorities of the Order will not express views on such
questions so that it is not imagined that these are duties of tariqat.
During the constitutional crisis in Iran in the first decade of the
twentieth century, when the fuqara asked Hazrat Sultan 'Alishah about their
duties, he used to say, "I am a simple farmer from a village. I don't know
what constitutional and absolute monarchy mean." He left it to them to
figure out for themselves. At the same time, he gave advice to the rulers
not to do injustice to the people. For example, in his book Walayat Nameh,
there is a chapter entitled, "On Explaining Sovereignty and the Treatment of
Subjects," in which he severely criticized the rulers of the country, and
says, "In this matter, they should take as their example the first caliphs
of Islam; and if their time was too long ago, they should take as their
example the rulers of the West, who do not live in luxury, make the country
flourish, provide ease for their subjects and who fill the treasury."
Hazrat Sultan 'Alishah lived during the dictatorship of the Qajar dynasty
and its opposition to the reform of the Iranian constitution. The idea of a
constitution was one of the first political concepts from the West to enter
Iran. Some of the 'ulama, like Bihbahani approved of it as consistent with
Islam, while others, such as Fazlullah Nuri, disapproved of it as against
Islam. Naturally, the formation of political groups and intrigue were
current. The fuqara were uncertain of their duties in this regard.
The Revival of Walayat
Walayat is the inward aspect of the mission (risalat) of the Prophet to
guide the people. It is the source of tariqat in Islam, or Sufism. The
outward aspect of this mission is bringing the shari'at, which is concerned
with religious precepts. According to the Qur'an, the period of risalat came
to an end with the passing away of the Prophet, but the period of walayat
extends until the end of time. Walayat is the main pillar of both Shi'ism
and Sufism. Accordingly, both of these refer to the same truth. In both
Shi'ite and Sufi theory, the station of walayat cannot be filled by the
choice of the people or of an elite. The Prophet chose 'Ali to be his
successor in accordance with divine command. In the same manner, each
succeeding wali must be appointed by the preceding one. This is why almost
all Sufi orders trace their permission for guidance to Imam 'Ali.
Over the course of the centuries, Shi'ism became a set of theological and
jurisprudential teachings coupled with a political movement, and walayat was
confined to a political interpretation. On the other hand, there were Sufis
who completely neglected the issue of walayat.
One of the main issues in the revival of Sufism is the revival of the idea
of walayat in Sufi books, which is especially evident after the fall of the
'Abbasid dynasty and the weakening of the political power of the Ahl al-Sunnah.
Undoubtedly, the main problem addressed in works of Shah Ni'matullah Wali is
walayat, the various aspects and views about which are discussed at length
in many of his works. He raised the topic of walayat to such prominence that
the Sufis would understand this to be the source of Sufism itself. On the
other hand, he addresses the official Sunni and Shi'ite positions, asking
what it really means to be a true Sunni or Shi'ite. He says that to be a
Sunni is to follow the tradition (sunnah) of the Prophet, one of whose
requisites is love for the Ahl al-Bayt. To the Shi'ites, who were infamous
at the time as rafizi (those who were considered heterodox because of their
refusal to accept the authority of the first caliphs), he says that to be
Shi'ite does not mean cursing the first three caliphs, but it means
following 'Ali. In one of his poems he says:
I am not a rafizite, but I am
a pure believer, and enemy of the Mu'tazilite.
I have the religion of my ancestor (the Prophet)
after him, I am the follower of 'Ali the wali.
He reminded the official Shi'ites that believing in the walayat of 'Ali is
not merely a matter of words. It is impossible unless there is a heartfelt
connection of discipleship. In a poem he says:
Although you do not have the walayat of that wali ('Ali), you boast of
walayat.
You should know what you are boasting about.
We have raised the banner of his walayat.
Why should the drum be beaten while under the rug?
In the teachings and works of the martyr Hazrat Sultan 'Alishah, the issue
of walayat is renewed, with the difference that in the time of Shah
Ni'matullah Wali, since the religion of the majority of the Iranian populace
was Sunni, primarily he addressed them, while in the case of Hazrat Sultan 'Alishah,
since after the Safavid period the Iranian populace was mostly Shi'ite, his
polemic was directed primarily at those who had inherited a nominally
Shi'ite affiliation. In most of his books, including his Sufi commentary on
the Qur'an, Bayan al-Sa'adah, his main topic is walayat and its different
dimensions. His Persian book, Walayat Nameh, is an independent treatise
specifically devoted to a Sufi/Shi'ite presentation of the topic of walayat.
At the very beginning of the book, he says: "Many have erred, thinking that
walayat is love, or the mere verbal claim of the Imamate or walayat of the
Ahl al-Bayt." On another book, he says: "Those whose fathers were Shi'ite
think that they are Shi'ite because they imagine this to be no more than the
verbal claim of the walayat of 'Ali…. They didn't understand anything of
Shi'ism except its name." Thus, his main intention is to show the Sufi
dimension of Shi'ism, i.e., walayat, to the nominal Shi'ites who had
confined it to a verbal claim or to jurisprudence and theology.
Among the important points that he made about walayat is the issue of having
permission for authority in Sufism. This topic became especially highlighted
after the competing claims to succession following the passing away of
Hazrat Rahmat 'Alishah, and the failure of some to obey his authorized
successor, Hazrat Sa'adat 'Alishah.
As it has been said, one of the main principles of walayat is that the
master of the Order should have permission from his predecessor. These
permissions for guidance should form an unbroken chain or series reaching
back to Imam 'Ali. This is why the word silsilah (chain) is used for the
Sufi orders. During the time of Hazrat Sultan 'Alishah, since there were
numerous sectarian divisions of the orders, and there were many who claimed
to be masters without having any permission, there was an intense need to
deal with this issue. He refers to this problem in many of his works. For
example, he says: "Know that the tree of the shaykhs of every Sufi order of
the past has been recorded." He continues to explain that the explicit
authorization (nass) of the shaykh is necessary to support the claim of
being a shaykh, and is needed by the novice in order to understand under the
direction of whom he could enter the tariqat. This is why the Sufi shaykhs
sought to protect this authorization. In another place he says, "In every
religious affair it is necessary to have the permission of the religious
authority of the time."
Now in the Ni'matullahi Gunabadi Order, having explicit authorization has
become the most important criterion for spiritual guidance.
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